Te Hītori o ngā Hākari Puruhi

Ko te hītori o te hākari puruhi i tīmata ehara hei whakangahau, engari hei whakaaturanga o te matatau whakamīharo. I ngā rautau 16 me 17, ko ngā kaihanga uara, kaihanga koura me ngā kaihanga rino i hanga i ngā mahi metara iti rawa, ā, i whakamahi i ngā puruhi ora hei whakaatu i te māmā me te āta o ā rātou mahi.

I te 1578, ko te kaihanga rino o Rānana, a Mark Scaliot, i hanga i "he raka e tekau mā tahi ngā wāhanga rino, tīwhara me parāhi, ko ēnei katoa, me te kī, he wāhanga koura kotahi anake te taumaha." I hangaia anō hoki e ia he mekameka koura e whā tekau mā toru ngā hononga, ā, i muri i te here o tēnei mekameka ki te raka me te kī, ka whakanohoia ki te kakī o te puruhi, nāna i tō katoa me te ngāwari. Ko te taumaha katoa — raka, kī, mekameka, me te puruhi — he wāhanga koura kotahi me te haurua anake.

I te 1743, ko te kaihanga uara ko Sobieski Boverick i whakaatu ki te Royal Society he kaletiā ivory mē te ono hōiho, me te kaihautū, ngā pāhihi, ngā kaiāwhina me te kaipohi — katoa i tōia e te puruhi kotahi. Ko te kaimātai mirohanga a Henry Baker nāna ia i whakauru ki te hui i te 9 o Hune 1743.

Ko te Micrographia (1665) rongonui a Robert Hooke — te whakaputanga matua tuatahi a te Royal Society — i uru mai he whakaahua pekanga nui rongonui e whakaatu ana i te puruhi i kitea mā te mirohanga. I tuhi a Hooke: "Ko te kaha me te ātaahua o tēnei mea iti, ahakoa kāore he hononga ki te tangata, e tika ana kia whakaahuatia." I whakaahuatia e ia te puruhi he "whakapaipai ki te hū pango papai, hononga pai."

Ka rongonui te puky. I tuhi te kaitohu diary a Samuel Pepys i te 21 o Hānuere 1665 ko te "pukapuka mōhio rawa atu i pānuitia e au i taku oranga." Ko tēnei whakamōhio i te ao iti i āwhina i te pikinga o te hiahia a te tūmatanui ki ngā puruhi me ngā whakaaturanga puruhi i muri mai.

Ko te kōrero tuatahi mō te hākari puruhi hei whakangahau — kaua ko te whakaaturanga a te kaihanga — ka hoki ki te 1812 me ngā whakaaturanga a Johann Heinrich Deggeller, he kaihanga koura nō Stuttgart, Tiamana. I taea e ōna puruhi te tō i "te manuao whawhai nui rawa o ngā pū 120," te whawhai ki ngā hoari, me te tō i te kaletiā wīra-rua.

Ko Deggeller te mea i huri mai i ngā kaihanga matatau e whakaatu ana i ā rātou mahi iti ki te momo whakangahau rongonui tūturu.

I whānau ki Genoa, Itāria, ko Louis Bertolotto te kaiwhakahaere hākari puruhi tuatahi i whai rongonui ā-ao. I whakatū ia i tana "Whakaaturanga Whakamīharo o ngā Puruhi Kaha" i te 209 Regent Street, Rānana, i ngā tau 1830, ka utu hēringi kotahi te urunga.

Ko āna mahi i uru mai ngā puruhi e whā e tākaro kāri ana, he ōkahita puruhi e kīia ana ka rangona te waiata, he mogul o te Rāwhiti me te hāremi, he pātī kākahu pai me ngā wāhine tāne waewae-ono e kanikani ana ki te ōkahita 12, me te whakaaturanga mutunga o te Pakanga o Waterloo me Wellington, Napoleon me Blücher i te kākahu katoa.

I tā Bertolotto he putanga maha o Te Hītori o te Puruhi, me ngā tuhipoka me ngā tirohanga. I whakaatu hoki ia i Niu Ioka (1835) me Toronto (1844) i mua i tana heke ki Canada i te 1856. I kōrero a Charles Dickens mō āna "Puruhi Kaha" i Sketches by Boz (1836).

I tae ki te tihi o te rongonui ngā hākari puruhi i te wā o Wikitōria me Edwardian, i tipu i roto i te ahurea whānui o ngā whare taonga utu-iti, ngā whakaaturanga taha me ngā whakaaturanga miharo.

I te whakaaturanga Rānana 1869 i whakaatu i "ngā puruhi o ngā rahi katoa, ngā pakeke me ngā āhua e tō ana i ngā momo waka iti katoa: puruhi e tō ana i te whā tahi, puruhi e tō ana i te tandema, puruhi e mahi mēra ana, puruhi e taraiwa lokomotiva ana; kotahi te puruhi e mahi tō-ngaru ana, e tō ana i te manuao whawhai nui ake i te mano o tōna ake taumaha."

I te tīmata o ngā tau 1900, ko ngā hākari puruhi he mea tūturu i ngā kānivara haereere, ngā wāhi tātahi pēnei i a Coney Island, ngā hōro waiata me ngā Hui ā-Ao. Ko te wā koura whānui o ngā whakaaturanga taha i mau mai i te 1870 ki te 1920.

Ko William Heckler, nō Huitirangi, i tīmata tana mahi hei tangata kaha hākari, i whakaatu i tana hākari puruhi i te Hui ā-Ao o St. Louis i te 1904, ā, i muri mai i Coney Island. I te 1915, i tāngia e ia te Pulicology, he mātāpunenga mō te "pūtaiao" o te whakangungu puruhi.

I te 1925, i nekehia e Heckler tana whakaaturanga ki te Whare Taonga o Hubert i te 228 West 42nd Street, Times Square, i reira ka rongonui te hākari puruhi hei tūāhanga o Niu Ioka. I muri i te matenga o William i te 1935, ko tana tama a Leroy "Roy" Heckler i whakahaere tae noa ki tana rīteinga i te 1957.

Ko ētahi o ngā manuhiri rongonui ko Jack Johnson, te toa papa mōtoi taumaha o mua, nāna i mahi hei kaiwhakatairanga mō te whakaaturanga i te 1937. I te wā i hīkoi a Jon Voight i mua i te aroaro o te whare i te kiriata Midnight Cowboy i te 1969, ko te Heckler's — e kīia ana ko te hākari puruhi whakamutunga i te United States — kua kati kē.

I whakamahi ngā hākari puruhi i te puruhi tangata (Pulex irritans), i kōwhiria mō tōna rahi nui. I whakamaua ngā puruhi ki ngā tauhere iti o waea koura, parāhi rānei e āwhio ana i te uma. Me tōtika te kaha o te here — nui rawa ka kore e taea e te puruhi te horo, ka mate.

Kāore e taea te "whakangungu" i ngā puruhi i te āhua māori. Engari, ka mātai ngā kaiwhakaari i ia puruhi kia mōhio mēnā he hiahia ki te peke, ki te hīkoi rānei, kātahi ka whakaritea ki ngā mahi rerekē. Ko ngā puruhi peke i whana i ngā pōro māmā; ko ngā puruhi hīkoi i tō i ngā kāta me ngā kaletiā iti. Ko ngā puruhi "whawhai" i whakapīritia he wāhanga metara ki ō rātou waewae mua — ina ngana rātou ki te ruku i aua mea, ka āhua pēnei i te whawhai hoari.

He taonga matua te wera. Ka whakaputaina te mahana mai i raro ka tīmata ngā puruhi katoa ki te nekeneke kaha, ka hanga i te āhua o te kanikani, whakaatu rānei. Ka whāngai ngā kaiwhakaari i ā rātou puruhi mā te tuku i a rātou kia ngau i ō rātou ringaringa kotahi te wā ia rā.

Ka taea e te puruhi te peke ki te 150 ngā wā o tōna ake roa, ka tō i ngā mea tae atu ki te 20,000 ngā wā o tōna ake taumaha. Ko tōna peke ehara i te uaua anake, engari nā ngā poraka resilin — he pūmua rapa, pēnei i te rapa i te uma — e taea ai te whakaputa i te kaha nui ake i te 100 ngā wā i te uaua anake.

He maha ngā hākari puruhi, ina koa ērā i whakahaerehia e ngā kaiwaiata nui, kāore i whakamahi i ngā puruhi tūturu. Ko ngā autō, ngā waea huna, ngā motū hiko me ngā taputapu mīhini i whakanekeneke i ngā trapeze iti me ngā whakaahua iti. Ko ngā karāhe whakanuinga i whakanui i ngā mīhini mō te tirohanga a te hunga mātakitaki.

Koinei te momo hākari puruhi e kōrerotia ana i te Jurassic Park (1993) a Steven Spielberg, i reira a John Hammond ka mahara: "E mōhio ana koe ki te whakaaturanga tuatahi i hangaia e au i taku taenga mai i Scotland ki te tonga? He Hākari Puruhi, Petticoat Lane. Tino whakamīharo. I whai mātou he trapeze iti, me te āmio… carousel me te kēmu. Katoa i nekeneke, he mīhini anō, engari ka kī ngā tāngata ka kite rātou i ngā puruhi."

I whakahaere a Ahorangi Len Tomlin i tētahi o ngā hākari puruhi tūturu whakamutunga o te United Kingdom i Belle Vue Zoological Gardens i Manchester i ngā tau 1960 me 1970. Ko āna mahi i uru mai ngā puruhi tangata e here ana e whakataetae ana i ngā kaletiā, e tō ana i te rōra māra, e eke ana i te toru-wīra, me ngā "puruhi whawhai" e raparapa ana i ngā pine e tūtia ana i ngā wāhanga kōka.

I whakamahi a Len rāua ko tana hoa wahine a Evelyn i ngā kaipatu pepeke matatau hei pupuri i ā rāua puruhi. I katia te hākari i ngā tau 1970 i te mea ko te pai haere o te horoi kāinga i uaua ai te kimi i ngā puruhi tangata.

He maha ngā take i ahu mai i te hekenga o ngā hākari puruhi i muri i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao. Ko te whakamahinga whānui o ngā mīhini tātāmi, mīhini horoi kākahu, te pai haere o te hauora me ngā kākahu hangarua i whakaiti i te puruhi tangata (Pulex irritans). Ko ngā kaiwhakahaere i whakawhirinaki ki te rauemi tūturu i uaua haere, i utu nui haere te kimi i ngā kaiwhakaari.

I te 1935, ko te tekau mā rua puruhi he pene e rua noa iho te utu. I ngā tau 1950, ko te tekau mā rua he ono hēringi, ā, i ngā wā iti ko te puruhi kotahi he rua hēringi. I taua wā, ko te pouaka whakaata, te whare kiriata me ngā papa rēhia i tō i ngā hunga mātakitaki ki te wehe atu i ngā whakaaturanga miharo iti i pupuri i ngā hākari puruhi mō te rau tau neke atu.

He hōhonu te tohu i waihotia e ngā hākari puruhi i te ahurea rongonui. I te tuhi pukapuka, ka tīmata te tikanga mai i The Clouds (c. 423 BC) a Aristophanes, he katakata mō te ine i te roa o te peke puruhi, ki te rotarota whakaaro "The Flea" (c. 1590) a John Donne me ngā kōrero a Charles Dickens i Sketches by Boz (1836).

I te kiriata, i whakaaro a Charlie Chaplin i te mahi hākari puruhi i te 1919 mō te kiriata poto kāore i tukuna ko The Professor, ā, i oti i a ia te hopu mō Limelight (1952). I whakaatu a Laurel rāua ko Hardy i te hākari puruhi i The Chimp (1932). Ko te A Bug's Life (1998) a Pixar e whakaatu ana i a "P.T. Flea" (ko te reo o John Ratzenberger), he kaiwhakahaere hākari puruhi hiahia moni ko tōna ingoa he whakahāwea ki a P.T. Barnum.

Ko te kōrero hou rongonui rawa atu ko te kōrero a John Hammond i Jurassic Park (1993), i reira ko te hākari puruhi he whakatauira mō te moemoea pakihi kē atu i te hiahia ki te mea tūturu.

He torutoru ngā kaiwhakaari e pupuri ana i te tikanga i tēnei wā. Kua haere a Ahorangi Adam Gertsacov me tana Hākari Puruhi Iti Acme i te United States me Canada mai i te 1996, ka whakahoki i te hākari puruhi ki Times Square i te 2001. Ka whakataetae āna puruhi i ngā kaletiā, ka hīkoi i ngā taura, ka puhia mai i te pū mā te mowhiti ahi.

Ko te ringatoi nō Kōrompia a Maria Fernanda Cardoso i whakapau ono tau ki te whakawhanake hākari puruhi hei kaupapa toi. Ka hīkoi āna puruhi i ngā taura, ka tō kaletiā, ka kanikani tango. I haere te mahi ki te Sydney Opera House, Centre Pompidou me te New Museum i Niu Ioka i mua i te hokonga e te Tate Gallery i Rānana.

I hanga anō te tohunga kararehe a Dr. Tim Cockerill i te hākari puruhi mō ngā Kauhau Kirihimete o te Royal Institution 2010, ā, kua whakangungu puruhi mō te pouaka whakaata BBC. I Munich, ko te hākari puruhi o te whānau Mathes kua noho tūturu ki Oktoberfest mai i te 1948 — tētahi o ngā hākari puruhi tūturu whakamutunga o te ao, me te 75 tau neke atu o te whakaaturanga tūturu.

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