Nhoroondo yeMasarikasi eNhunzi

Nyaya yesarikasi yenhunzi haina kutanga sevaraidzo, asi sekuratidza kwounyanzvi husina kuenzaniswa. Mu16th ne17th century, vaiti vewachi, vaiti vesimbi rikuru, nevabhirasimiti vaigadzira basa diki diki dzimwe nguva risina kuenzaniswa uye vaishandisa nhunzi dziri mhenyu kuratidza kurema kupfava nekusakara kwezvisikwa zvavo.

Muna 1578, mubhirasimiiti weLondon Mark Scaliot akagadzira "rokii rine zvikamu gumi neimwe zvesimbi, siteriri, neburasi, zvese, pamwe nekiyi yarwo, zvairema chete greni imwe yesimbi rikuru." Akagadzirawo cheni yesimbi rikuru ine maringiri makumi mana nematatu uye, asunga cheni iyi kurokii nekiyi, akaiisa muhuro menhunzi, iyo yakaidhonza zvese zviri nyore. Chisanganiswa chese — rokii, kiyi, cheni, nenhunzi — chairema chete magreni mamwe nehafu.

Munenge muna 1743, muiti wewachi ainzi Sobieski Boverick akaratidza kuRoyal Society kochi yenyanga yenzou ine mabhiza matanhatu yakakwana nemukwashi, vafambi, vasikana, nemutakuri wetsamba — yese yakadhonzwa nenhunzi imwe. Muzvinanyanzvi wemaikiroskopi Henry Baker akamuzivisa pamusangano we9 Chikumi 1743.

Micrographia (1665) yaRobert Hooke yakakosha — chinyorwa chekutanga chikuru cheRoyal Society — chaisanganisira mufananidzo wakashama uye wakazara wenhunzi sezvaionekwa nemaikiroskopi. Hooke akanyora: "Simba nerunako rwechisikwa chidiki ichi, kunyange chisina imwe hukama nevanhu, chinokodzerwa kududzwa." Akatsanangura nhunzi sa"yakashongedzwa nemukombe wakapfava wakatsvinda wekurwa, wakanamirwa zvakanaka."

Bhuku iri rakava chinhu. Munyori wedhaiari Samuel Pepys akanyora musi wa21 Ndira 1665 kuti rakanga riri "bhuku rakanakisa randakamboverenga muupenyu hwangu." Kumakiswa uku kwenyika yezvimaikiroskopi kwakabatsira kukurudzira kuda kwevanhu kwenhunzi neshow dzenhunzi mushure mezvo.

Kutaurwa kwekutanga kwesarikasi yenhunzi sevaraidzo — kwete kuratidza kwemuiti — kunobva munenge muna 1812 neshow dzaJohann Heinrich Deggeller, muiti wezvisimbi rikuru kubva kuStuttgart, Germany. Nhunzi dzake dzaikwanisa kudhonza "Ngarava Huru yeHondo ine manoni makumi nemaviri nerimwe," kurwa neminondo, uye kudhonza ngoro ine mavhiri maviri.

Deggeller anoratidza kuchinja kubva kumaita anozivawo vachiratidza basa ravo diki kuva mhando chaiyayo yevaraidzo yevanhu yakamakiswa.

Akaberekwa muGenoa, Italy, Louis Bertolotto ndiye mupuresi wekutanga wesarikasi yenhunzi akawana mukurumbira wenyika. Akamisa "Muratidzo Usina Kuenzaniswa weNhunzi Dzinoshanda" pa209 Regent Street, London, mumakore e1830, achiripiswa sherengi imwe yekupinda.

Machitidzwo ake aisanganisira nhunzi ina dzaitamba makadhi, okesitira yenhunzi yainzi inoridza inouya kumatiri, moguri wekumabvazuva ane haremu, bharani yemhemberero ine vasikana nevarume vane makumbo matanhatu vachitamba kuokesitira yezvikamu gumi nezviviri, uye taburo yekupedzisira yeHondo yeWaterloo ine Wellington, Napoleon, neBlucher vari mumayunifoni akakwana.

Bertolotto akaburitsa maedisheni akawanda eThe History of the Flea, with Notes and Observations. Akaratidza show muNew York (1835) neToronto (1844) asati ahama kuCanada muna 1856. Charles Dickens akataura nezvake "Nhunzi Dzinoshanda" muSketches by Boz (1836).

Masarikasi enhunzi akanga ari pamusorosoro wemukurumbira munguva yekupedzisira yeVictorian neEdwardian, achikura nechariro chemazeum emari diki, masaidhishow, nemukurumbira wezvicheno.

Muratidzo weLondon we1869 wakaratidza "nhunzi dzemarudzi ese, makore ese, nemavara ese dzichidhonza marudzi ese engoro diki: nhunzi dzichimhanya nemabhiza mana, nhunzi dzichimhanya dziri mbiri, nhunzi dzichishanda papositi, nhunzi dzichimhanyisa majini; nhunzi imwe ichiita basa restima-tagi, uye ichidhonza ngarava yehondo ine makumi mazana kurema uye kukura kupfuura iyo."

Kumavambo e1900s, masarikasi enhunzi akanga ari chinhu chakajairwa pamakaranivhoro anofamba, mabhichi egungwa seConey Island, mahori emimhanzi, neMafea ePasi Rese. Nguva yesimbi rikuru yemasaidhishow yakanga iri kubva munenge muna 1870 kusvika 1920.

William Heckler, mwana weSwitzerland akatanga basa rake semunhu ane simba musarikasi, akaratidza sarikasi yake yenhunzi paSt. Louis World's Fair ye1904 uye gare gare paConey Island. Muna 1915 akaburitsa Pulicology, bhurocha re"sayenzi" yekudzidzisa nhunzi.

Munenge muna 1925, Heckler akatamisa show yake kuHubert's Museum pa228 West 42nd Street, Times Square, apo sarikasi yenhunzi yakava chinhu chakazivikanwa cheNew York. Mushure mekufa kwaWilliam muna 1935, mwanakomana wake Leroy "Roy" Heckler akaiendesha kusvika paakabva pabasa munenge muna 1957.

Vaenzi vakakosha vaisanganisira Jack Johnson, shasha yekare yechikwata chinotyisa yeboxing, aishanda semuenzi weshow muna 1937. Panguva yakafamba Jon Voight nepamberi peimba mufirime ye1969 Midnight Cowboy, Heckler's — inoita senge sarikasi yenhunzi yekupedzisira muUnited States — yakanga yatovharwa.

Masarikasi enhunzi aishandisa nhunzi yevanhu (Pulex irritans), yakasarudzwa nekuda kwekukura kwayo. Nhunzi dzaipfekedzwa tambo diki dzesimbi rikuru kana kopasi dzakavharidzirwa pachipfuva. Kusimba kwerubato rwaifanira kuva pakaringana — kasimba kupfuura uye nhunzi yaisakwanisa kumedza uye yaifa.

Nhunzi hadzigoni "kudzidziswa" chaizvo munzira yakajairwa. Panzvimbo pezvo, varatidzi vaionga nhunzi imwe neimwe kuona kana dzaida kusvetuka kana kufamba, uye dzaipatsanurirwa mumachitidzwo akasiyana. Nhunzi dzinofamba dzaibhuruta mabhora akapfava; nhunzi dzinofamba dzaidhonza ngoro diki necharioti diki. "Nhunzi dzinorwa neminondo" dzaiva nezvikamu zvidiki zvesimbi zvakanamatira pamakumbo azo ekumberi — padzaiedza kuzvidzima, dzaionekwa sedziri kurwa neminondo.

Kupisa kwaiva nzira huru yekudzora. Kuisa kupisa kubva pasi kwaiita kuti nhunzi dzese dzakasunga dzitange kufamba nesimba, dzichigadzira mufananidzo wekutamba kana kuita show. Varatidzi vaigara vachidyisa nhunzi dzavo nekurega dzichiruma maoko avo kamwe pazuva.

Nhunzi dzinogona kusvetuka kusvika ka150 kupfuura kureba kwemuviri wadzo uye kudhonza zvinhu zvinosvika ka20,000 kurema kwemuviri wadzo. Kusvetuka kwadzo hakuitwi nesimba remhasuru chete, asi nemabhuroko ereziringi — purotini inoita serubha, sespuringi muchipfuva — inodzibvumira kuisa simba kanenge ka100 kupfuura mhasuru chete.

Masarikasi enhunzi akawanda, kunyanya aya aiendeshwa nevashandisi vemasajiki, aisashandisa nhunzi dzechokwadi. Maghineti, tambo dzakavanzwa, mota dzemagetsi, nezvigadzirwa zvemushini zvaiendesa matrapeze diki uye kufambisa zvisikwa zvidiki. Zvijinhi zvemaziso zvichishandisa zvivhenerano zvekukudza zvaiita kuti zvigadzirwa zviite zvikuru kuti vateereri vaone.

Iyi ndiyo mhando yesarikasi yenhunzi inotaurwa mufirime yaSteven Spielberg Jurassic Park (1993), umo John Hammond achiyeuka: "Unoziva chinhu chekutanga chandakambovaka pandakaenda zasi kubva kuScotland? Yaiva Sarikasi yeNhunzi, Petticoat Lane. Chaizvo yakanaka zvikuru. Taiva netrapeze diki, nemerry-go… carousel neseesaw. Zvese zvaifamba, zvakaendeshwa nemota chaizvo, asi vanhu vaiti vanogona kuona nhunzi."

Professor Len Tomlin aiendesha imwe yemasarikasi enhunzi echokwadi ekupedzisira muUK paBelle Vue Zoological Gardens muManchester mumakore e1960 ne1970. Machitidzwo ake aisanganisira nhunzi dzevanhu dzakasunga dzichimhanyisana necharioti, kudhonza rora yegadheni, kutyaira traisikiro, uye "nhunzi dzinorwa" dzichiparadzana paminondo yakaiswa muzvikamu zvekokisi.

Len nemudzimai wake Evelyn vaibhadhara vatsvagi venhunzi vepurofesheni kuchengeta nhunzi dzavo. Sarikasi yakavharwa mumakore e1970 ekupedzisira apo kuchena kwemumba kwakanaka kwaiita kuti nhunzi dzevanhu dzive dzakaoma kuwana.

Zvinhu zvakasiyana zvakabatana zvakaita kuti masarikasi enhunzi aderere mushure meHondo Yenyika Yechipiri. Kushandiswa kwakawanda kwemavhakiyumu, machini ekuwachira, kuchena kwakanaka, nemachira ekugadzira kwaiita kuti nhunzi yevanhu (Pulex irritans) ive isiri nyore kuwana. Vaiti vaida nhunzi nguva dzese vaiwana zvichikanya nekudhura kuti vawane varatidzi.

Muna 1935, nhunzi gumi nembiri dzaibhadharwa penzi mbiri. Kumakore e1950, gumi nembiri dzaidhura masherengi matanhatu, uye munguva yeshomeka nhunzi imwe yaigona kudhura masherengi maviri. Panguva iyoyo, terevhizheni, sinema, nezvivakwa zvevaraidzo zvaitora vateereri kubva kumuratidzo diki wezvinobatsira waichengetedza masarikasi enhunzi kwemakore anopfuura zana.

Masarikasi enhunzi akasiya mucherechedzo wakadzama pamusoro petsika inevanhu. Muzvinyorwa, tsika inobva kuThe Clouds yaAristophanes (c. 423 BC), inosanganisira joki yekuyera kureba kwekusvetuka kwenhunzi, kuchireva nhetembo yaJohn Donne "The Flea" (c. 1590s) nekutaura kwaCharles Dickens muSketches by Boz (1836).

Mumafirime, Charlie Chaplin akafunga chiito chesarikasi yenhunzi chevaraidzo munenge muna 1919 cheshoti risina kuburitswa rainzi The Professor, akazochiratidza muLimelight (1952). Laurel and Hardy vakaratidza sarikasi yenhunzi muThe Chimp (1932). A Bug's Life yaPiksaa (1998) ine "P.T. Flea" (ainzwi naJohn Ratzenberger), mukuru wesarikasi yenhunzi ane ruchiva ane zita rake rinonyomba P.T. Barnum.

Chirevo chakazivikanwa zvikuru chemazuva ano inhaurirano yaJohn Hammond muJurassic Park (1993), apo sarikasi yenhunzi inoshandiswa sefananidzo yekuita kwekuita bhizinesi kunze kwekuda kwechokwadi.

Varatidzi vashoma vanochengeta tsika iri mhenyu nhasi. Professor Adam Gertsacov akafamba neAcme Miniature Flea Circus muUnited States neCanada kubva muna 1996, achidzosa sarikasi yenhunzi kuTimes Square muna 2001. Nhunzi dzake dzinomhanyisana necharioti, dzinofamba patambo, uye dzinopfurwa kubva mugonhi kubudikidza nemurazvo wemoto.

Munyanzvi wezvemvanduse akaberekerwa muColombia Maria Fernanda Cardoso akapedza makore matanhatu achigadzira sarikasi yenhunzi sebasa rezveunyanzvi. Nhunzi dzake dzaifamba patambo, kudhonza charioti, nekutamba tango. Basa iri rakatenderera muSydney Opera House, Centre Pompidou, neNew Museum muNew York risati ratengerwa neTate Gallery muLondon.

Musayendisiti Dr. Tim Cockerill akagadzira sarikasi yenhunzi inoshanda kuitira ma2010 Royal Institution Christmas Lectures uye akadzidzisa nhunzi yeBBC terevhizheni. MuMunich, sarikasi yenhunzi yemhuri yeMathes yave iri chinhu chakagara paOktoberfest kubva muna 1948 — imwe yemachitidzwo echokwadi ekupedzisira panyika, ine makore anopfuura 75 eshow isingamiri.

Muna 2026, FleaWinder™ yakaunza sarikasi yenhunzi munguva yedhijitari. Sarikasi diki ineanimenisheni inogara pamusoro petaskbar yeWindows kana macOS — uye iye zvino muhomwe yako paiOS — FleaWinder™ inoendeshwa zvakakwana nekushandisa kwako kwezuva nezuva. Makidhi, kufambisa kwemausi, kudzvanya, kutapa, kuswaipa, nekuzunza zvinovaka simba rinoendesa machitidzwo manomwe arikuita: mufambi wetambo, muzvinanyanzvi wetrapeze, show yegonhi, nhunzi inesimba, mutyairi wewiri rimwe, nhunzi inokanda, nemufuridziri wemoto.

Pavaratidzi veVictorian vaisunga nhunzi dzechokwadi netambo yesimbi rikuru, FleaWinder™ inosunga zvinoiswa zvako nekodhi. Pavateereri vaHeckler vaibatanidzana mukona yakavharwa yetamba yeHubert's Museum, sarikasi yeFleaWinder inoita mutambo mutambo wema150 pixel usingambokonzera dambudziko. Tsika yeshow diki pasi pano inopfuurira — hapana nhunzi yakakuvadzwa pakugadzira sarikasi iyi.