Imbali yeeSekisi zeeNtwala

Ibali lesekisi yeentwala aliqalanga njengolonwabo, kodwa njengokuboniswa kobunyanzweli obungaqhelekanga. Kwinkulungwane ye-16 neye-17, abakhandi beewatshi, abakhandi begolide, nabasebenzisi bentsimbi babedala umsebenzi wentsimbi omncinane ongenakwenzeka kwaye basebenzise iintwala eziphilayo ukungqina ukuba izidalwa zabo zazilula kwaye zibuthathaka kangakanani.

Ngo-1578, umsebenzisi wentsimbi waseLondon uMark Scaliot wenza "isitshixo esineziqendu ezili-11 zentsimbi, istalela, nebhrasi, zonke, kunye nesitshixo saso, ezazinobunzima begrenhi enye yegolide." Wenza nomsonto wegolide onamakhonkco angama-43 kwaye, esamanye lo msonto kwisitshixo nesitshixo, wawufaka emqaleni wentwala, eyayikutsala konke ngokulula. Yonke into — isitshixo, isitshixo, umsonto, nentwala — yayinesisindo seegrenhi ezinenesiqingatha kuphela.

Malunga no-1743, umkhandi weewatshi ogama linguSobieski Boverick wabonisa kwiRoyal Society inqwelo yophondo lwendlovu enamahhashe amathandathu ephelele nomqhubi, abakhweli, abancedisi, nomthwali weposi — yonke itsalwa yintwala enye. Umphandi wemakroskopi uHenry Baker wamazisa kwintlanganiso yomhla we-9 kuJuni 1743.

IMicrographia (1665) kaRobert Hooke ebalulekileyo — upapasho lokuqala olukhulu lweRoyal Society — lalubandakanya umfanekiso odumileyo omkhulu wokusongelwa wentwala njengoko ibonwe ngemakroskopi. UHooke wabhala: "Amandla nobuhle bale sidalwa sincinane, nangona besingenaluhlobo lunye nomntu, sifanele ukuchazwa." Wachaza intwala njenge "nxitywe ngesuti yokuzila enzimnyama ecociweyo entle, edibaniswe kakuhle."

Incwadi yaba yinto enkulu. Umbhali wedayari uSamuel Pepys wabhala ngomhla we-21 kuJanuwari 1665 ukuba yayiyi "ncwadi enobuchule ngaphezu kwazo zonke endakhe ndayifunda ebomini bam." Oku kwaziswa kwehlabathi lemakroskopi kwanceda ukuxhasa umdla woluntu ngakumbi kwiintwala nakwimiboniso yeentwala.

Ukuchazwa kokuqala kwesekisi yeentwala njengolonwabo — hayi ukubonisa komkhandi — kuqala malunga no-1812 nemiboniso kaJohann Heinrich Deggeller, umkhandi wegolide ovela eStuttgart, eJamani. Iintwala zakhe zazinokutsala "iNqanawa Yokuqala yeHondo enemikhosi eli-120," zilwe ngamakrele, kwaye zitsale inqwelo enamavili amabini.

UDeggeller uphawula utshintsho ukusuka kubakhandi abakwaziyo ababonisa umsebenzi wabo omncinane ukuya kulonwabo lwangempela oluthandwa ngabantu ngokwalo.

Wazalelwa eGenoa, eItali, uLouis Bertolotto wayengumphathi wokuqala wesekisi yeentwala owafumana udumo lwehlabathi. Wamisa "uMboniso Ongaqhelekanga weeNtwala Ezisebenzelayo" e-209 Regent Street, eLondon, ngeminyaka ye-1830, ebiza ishilingi yokuza.

Izenzo zakhe zazibandakanya iintwala ezine ezidlala amakhadi, i-okhestra yeentwala eyayidlala ngokuva, umongameli waseMpuma nendlu yamankazana, ibhola yemfashini eneenkazana namadoda anamimilenze emithandathu bedanisa kwi-okhestra enamacandelo ali-12, kunye nomfanekiso wokugqibela weMfazwe yaseWaterloo obandakanya uWellington, uNapoleon, noBlucher beyunifomi epheleleyo.

UBertolotto wapapasha amahlelo amaninzi eThe History of the Flea, with Notes and Observations. Wenza imiboniso eNew York (1835) naseToronto (1844) phambi kokufudukela eCanada ngo-1856. UCharles Dickens wakhankanya "Iintwala Ezisebenzelayo" zakhe kwiSketches by Boz (1836).

Iisekisi zeentwala zafikelela emvuthweni wodumo ngexesha lokugqibela leVictorian neEdwardian, zichuma njengenxalenye yenkcubeko ebanzi yeemyuziyam zeesenti, imiboniso yasecaleni, nemiboniso yokumangalisa.

Umboniso waseLondon wango-1869 wabonisa "iintwala zazo zonke iisayizi, ubudala, nemibala zitsala yonke imihlobo yeenqwelo ezincinane: iintwala ziqhuba amahhashe amane, iintwala ziqhuba ngambini, iintwala zisenza inkonzo yeposi, iintwala ziqhuba iinjini; intwala enye isenza umsebenzi wesitimu-tagi, kwaye itsala inqanawa yemfazwe amawaka amatyeli engaphezulu kunayo ngobukhulu nobunzima."

Ekuqaleni kweminyaka ye-1900, iisekisi zeentwala zaziyinto eqhelekileyo kwiikharnivali ezihambahambayo, iindawo ekunqamleza ulwandle njengeConey Island, iiholo zomculo, neeBazara zeHlabathi. Ixesha legolide leemiboniso yasecaleni lalisukela malunga no-1870 ukuya ku-1920.

UWilliam Heckler, owazalelwa eSwitzerland owaqala umsebenzi wakhe njengondindala wesekisi, wabonisa isekisi yakhe yeentwala kwiBazara yeHlabathi yaseSt. Louis ngo-1904 kwaye kamva eConey Island. Ngo-1915 wapapasha iPulicology, iphetshana le "sayensi" yokuqeqesha iintwala.

Malunga no-1925, uHeckler watshintshela umboniso wakhe kwiMyuziyam kaHubert e-228 West 42nd Street, eTimes Square, apho isekisi yeentwala yaba yinto edumileyo eNew York. Emva kokusweleka kukaWilliam ngo-1935, unyana wakhe uLeroy "Roy" Heckler wayiqhuba ukuya kude wabhaca malunga no-1957.

Iindwendwe ezibalulekileyo zazibandakanya uJack Johnson, itshatsheli yangaphambili yokulwa ngenqindi yeesisindo ezinzima, owayesebenza njengomncedisi womboniso ngo-1937. Ngexesha uJon Voight wayedlula phambi kwesakhiwo kwifilm ka-1969 iMidnight Cowboy, eyakaHeckler — ebonakala njengesekisi yokugqibela yeentwala eMelika — yayisele ivaliwe.

Iisekisi zeentwala zazisebenzisa intwala yomntu (Pulex irritans), ekhethwe ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obufanelekileyo. Iintwala zazinxityiswa iibhreyisi ezincinci zentambo yegolide okanye yekopolo esongelwe esifubeni. Uxinzelelo lokubophelela lwalufanele lulunge kanye — luqinile kakhulu kwaye intwala yayingasakwazi ukuginya ize ife.

Iintwala azinakuze "ziqeqeshwe" ngendlela eqhelekileyo. Endaweni yoko, ababonisi babejonga iintwala nganye nganye ukubona ukuba ziyathanda ukutsiba okanye ukuhamba, baze bazabele kwizenzo ezahlukeneyo. Iintwala ezitsibayo zazikhabalaza iibhola ezilula; iintwala ezihambayo zazitsala iinqwelo ezincinane neenqwelo zamahashe. "Iintwala ezilwayo" zazinesiqendu esincinci sentsimbi esinamatheliswe emilenzeni yangaphambili — xa zazizama ukususa, zazibonakala ngathi zilwa ngamakrele.

Ubushushu babuyindlela ebalulekileyo yokulawula. Ukufaka ubushushu ngezantsi kwakubangela ukuba zonke iintwala ezibotshiweyo ziqale ukushukuma ngamandla, zidala umbono wokudanisa okanye wokwenza umboniso. Ababonisi babeqhele ukondla iintwala zabo ngokuzivumela zilume iingalo zabo kanye ngosuku.

Iintwala zinakutsiba ukuya kutyeli eli-150 lobude bomzimba wazo kwaye zitsale izinto ukuya kutyeli ezingama-20,000 zobunzima bomzimba wazo. Ukutsiba kwazo akuqhutywa yimisipha kuphela, kodwa yiibloko zeresiliini — iproteyini enjengomtyi, enjesingespring esifubeni — evumela ukuba zisebenzise amandla amalunga netyeli eli-100 ngaphezu kwemisipha kuphela.

Iisekisi zeentwala ezininzi, ngakumbi ezo zaziqhutywa ngabalawuli bomlingo, zazingasebenzisi zintwala zangempela. Iimagneti, iintambo ezifihliweyo, iimotho zombane, neendlela zomatshini zaziqhuba iitrapeze ezincinane kwaye zishukumise imifanekiso emincinane. Intsomi zamehlo ezisebenzisa izipili zokwandisa zenza ukuba imimekhanizim ibekho kubabukeli.

Le yindlela yesekisi yeentwala ekuxoxwa ngayo kwifilm kaSteven Spielberg iJurassic Park (1993), apho uJohn Hammond ekhumbula: "Uyazi into yokuqala endakhe ndayakha xa ndehla ndisuka eScotland? Yayisisekisi yeeNtwala, ePetticoat Lane. Yayintle ngokwenene. Sasinentrapeze encinane, ne-merry-go… carousel ne-seesaw. Zonke zazishukuma, ngokomatshini ewe, kodwa abantu babesithi banokuzibona iintwala."

UProfessor Len Tomlin waqhuba enye yeesekisi zeentwala zangempela zokugqibela eUK eBelle Vue Zoological Gardens eManchester ngeminyaka ye-1960 neye-1970. Izenzo zakhe zazibandakanya iintwala zabantu ezibotshiweyo zidyarha ngeenqwelo, zitsala irola yegadi, zikhwela itrayisikile, kunye "neentwala ezilwayo" zikrwempa iipini ezifakwe kwiziqendu zekoki.

ULen nomfazi wakhe u-Evelyn babeqesha abathimbi beentsikizi abaqeqeshiweyo ukugcina imveliso yabo yeentwala. Isekisi yavala ekupheleni kweminyaka ye-1970 xa inzindlo efanelekileyo yasekhaya yenza iintwala zabantu zangaphezu kokulula ukuzifumana.

Izizathu ezahlukeneyo ezidityanisiweyo zaqhuba ukuwa kweesekisi zeentwala emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi Yesibini. Ukusetyenziswa okubanzi kweevakiyam klina, iimatshini zokuhlamba, inzindlo ephucukileyo, kunye nezinto ezenziwa ezenziwe kwenza intwala yomntu (Pulex irritans) yaba nqabile ngokwanda. Abasebenzisi ababexhomekeke kumveliso eqhubekayo bafumanisa kuba nzima kwaye kubiza kakhulu ukufumana ababonisi.

Ngo-1935, iintwala ezilishumi elinesibini zazibiza ipensi ezimbini. Ngeminyaka ye-1950, ishumi elinesibini zaze zabiza iishilingi ezintandathu, kwaye ngexesha lokuswela intwala enye yayinokubiza iishilingi ezimbini. Ngelo xesha, itelevishini, isinema, neendawo zolonwabo zatsala ababukeli baphuma kwiimboniso ezincinane ezazigcine iisekisi zeentwala ziphila iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu.

Iisekisi zeentwala zishiye umqondiso onzulu ngokumangalisayo kwinkcubeko ethandwayo. Kumabali, isiko lisuka kwiThe Clouds kaAristophanes (c. 423 BC), ebandakanya ihlazo lokulinganisa umgama wokutsiba kwentwala, ukuya kwisihobe sikaJohn Donne "The Flea" (c. 1590s) nokukhankanya kukaCharles Dickens kwiSketches by Boz (1836).

Kwifilm, uCharlie Chaplin wayila irutin yehlekiso yesekisi yeentwala kwangoko ngo-1919 yeshoti engakhululwanga eyayibizwa ngokuba yiThe Professor, wayishicilela ekugqibeleni kwiLimelight (1952). ULaurel noHardy babonisa isekisi yeentwala kwiThe Chimp (1932). A Bug's Life kaPiksaa (1998) ibonisa "P.T. Flea" (olizwi likaJohn Ratzenberger), umphathi wesekisi yeentwala onobunyolwe ogama lakhe ligxeka uP.T. Barnum.

Isalathiso esidumileyo sanamhlanje yintetho kaJohn Hammond kwiJurassic Park (1993), apho isekisi yeentwala isebenza njengomfuziselo wokuzicingela njengoshishini ngokuchasene nokunqwenela ukwenyani.

Abadlali abambalwa basagcina isiko liphila namhlanje. UProfessor Adam Gertsacov uye wajikeleza neAcme Miniature Flea Circus eMelika naseCanada ukusuka ngo-1996, ebuyisela isekisi yeentwala eTimes Square ngo-2001. Iintwala zakhe zidyarha ngeenqwelo, zihamba kwintambo, kwaye zidutshulwa ekanonini zidlule kwintsimi yomlilo.

Umyili wemvandse owazalelwa eColombia uMaria Fernanda Cardoso wachitha iminyaka emithandathu ephuhlisa isekisi yeentwala njengeprojekthi yobugcisa obuphezulu. Iintwala zakhe zazihamba kwintambo, zitsala iinqwelo, kwaye zidanisa itango. Umsebenzi wajikeleza iSydney Opera House, iCentre Pompidou, neNew Museum eNew York phambi kokuba uthengwe yiTate Gallery yaseLondon.

Umphandi wezilwanyana uDr. Tim Cockerill wabuya wadala isekisi yeentwala esebenzayo ngama-2010 Royal Institution Christmas Lectures kwaye uqeqeshe iintwala zeBBC TV. EMyunike, isekisi yeentwala yosapho lwakwaMathes ibiyinto eyaziwayo eOktoberfest ukusukela ngo-1948 — enye yeesekisi zeentwala zangempela zokugqibela emhlabeni, eneminyaka engaphezu kwama-75 yomsebenzi ongapheliyo.

Ngo-2026, FleaWinder™ yazisa isekisi yeentwala kwixesha ledijithali. Isekisi encinane enemifanekiso ehlala phezu kwebha yemisebenzi yeWindows okanye macOS — kwaye ngoku epokothweni yakho kwiOS — FleaWinder™ iqhutywa ngokupheleleyo kukusebenzisa kwakho kwemihla ngemihla. Amaqhosha, ukushukumisa imawusi, ukucofa, ukutapha, ukuswayipha, nokushukumisa kwakha amandla aquba izenzo ezisixhenxe eziphilayo: umhambi wentambo, umzobi wetrapeze, umboniso wekanoni, intwala enamandla, umqhubi wevili elinye, intwala ephosayo, nomphefumli womlilo.

Apho ababonisi beVictorian babebopha iintwala zangempela ngentambo yegolide, FleaWinder™ ibopha okufakwayo kwakho ngekhowudi. Apho ababukeli bakaHeckler babeminyene kwikhona evalwe ngodonga kwisidluli seMyuziyam kaHubert, isekisi kaFleaWinder idlala kumqolo wama-150 pixel ongaze ube sendleleni. Isiko lomboniso omncinane emhlabeni liyaqhubeka — akukho ntwala yenzakeleyo ekwenzeni kwale sekisi.